The abundance of Pleistocene fossil sites in Florida has allowed the university in Gainesville to become a center of information for other scientists. Scientists excavating new fossil sites use existing fossils at the University of Florida Museum of Natural History to help identify the new specimens they pull from the earth. It’s not always easy to differentiate closely related species–the subject of this blog entry, the canids, are notoriously difficult to distinguish. Vertebrate zoologists and paleontologists measure and describe every part of every bone and tooth when examining new specimens. They publish this information in scientific journals and accumulate knowledge of the size limits and shape variations of a particular species’ anatomy. If a newly discovered fossil tooth for example doesn’t fit any known pattern of shape or size, than scientists suspect they may have discovered a new species. The more data scientists have, the better able they are to identify new species and spot evolutionary trends over time within a species.
Fossil collecting is popular in Florida, thanks to all the sinkhole lakes and caves with basal chemistry in the soil that preserves bones. Amateur fossil collectors have many more fossils in their collections than the University of Florida’s Natural History Museum.. Many are for sale as well. It would be a great benefit to science, if collectors made arrangements to donate their collections to the museum upon their deaths. Many valuable specimens have been lost when their owners die and family members, not interested in the subject, lose track of where they put the old bones.
My little study is limited to canid fossils listed on the University of Florida database and leaves out the great many more in the hands of amateur fossil collectors. I also limited this survey to the Rancholabrean Land Mammal Age (300,000 BP-11,000 BP), leaving out Armbruster’s wolf which dominated the middle Pleistocene before being replaced by dire wolves. Nevertheless, I think there’s enough information to suggest relative canid species abundance during the late Pleistocene. Keep in mind, I was counting on a computer screen while scrolling down, so my numbers may be off slightly.
Listed on the Florida Museum of Natural History’s database, I counted 64 dire wolf (Canis dirus) specimens, 34 coyote (Canis latrans) specimens, 1 red wolf (Canis niger) specimen, 9 domestic dog (Canis familiaris) specimens, 0 dhole (Cuon alpinus) specimens, and 55 gray fox (Urocyon cineorgenteus) specimens.
The fossil record strongly suggests that from 300,000 BP to about 11,000 BP dire wolves were by far the most common large canid being about twice as abundant as coyotes. Red wolves were rare but present. Gray foxes were just as common during the Pleistocene as they are today. These neat little foxes have the ability to climb trees, a skill that saves them from their larger relatives. There is no evidence of dholes but as I wrote in a previous blog entry http://markgelbart.wordpress.com/2011/06/01/did-the-dhole-cuon-alpinus-range-into-southeastern-north-america-during-the-pleistocene/ , I suspect they may have periodically colonized parts of the southeast but in numbers too low to leave fossil evidence.
Dire wolves were the dominant large canid in the southeast (and all across North America south of the Ice Sheets) during the late Pleistocene.
Coyotes probably occupied a niche similar to African jackals.
Gray foxes thrived in areas where they had access to trees and could escape larger predators.
The presence of domesticated dogs in the Pleistocene fossil record puzzled and surprised me. I almost didn’t even do a database search for Canis familiaris and only did so as an afterthought. Most anthropologists don’t think humans domesticated dogs until after the Pleistocene about 10,000 years ago, but the fossil evidence contradicts this. In fact scientists recently discovered the skull of a domesticated dog in a Siberian cave that dates to 33,000 BP. They determined this particular domesticated dog was not the ancestor of the lineage that led to today’s dogs but instead its descendents died out. It’s probable that there were many early lineages of domesticated dogs that ceased to exist for various reasons. Perhaps that group of people died out or stopped keeping dogs. The popular idea that people domesticated dogs by kidnapping and raising wolf pups is a misconception. Scientists think it’s the other way around–dogs adopted us. Dogs are descended from the wolves which had the least flight response. Wolves that hung closely around human campsites for access to leftovers gave birth to pups with floppy ears, multi-colored coats, and other dog traits that differentiate them from other wolves. The gene for tameness shares a pathway with the gene for these physical characteristics. So it’s likely that dogs adopted people in many different geographic locations wherever wolves (Canis lupus) began occupying areas adjacent to human campsites. Obviously, dogs either followed or were brought to Florida by the Paleo-Indians.
The authors of a chapter in the book The First Floridians and the Last Mastodons suggest that all the coyote fossils found in Florida are actually domesticated dog fossils, but they only knew of a handful of coyote fossils. Apparently, they didn’t know 34 specimens had been found. I doubt scientists made that many misidentifications.
Dire wolves succeeded in becoming one of the dominant predators in the environments of southeastern North America where they found a wealth of prey roaming the open woodlands and savannahs. Everything from bison and horses to deer and rabbits sustained them, and a mammoth or mastodon that died of natural causes provided a feast. Coyotes successfully co-existed with dire wolves by scavenging large predator kills and by hunting rodents. Red wolves must have been restricted to islands and perhaps deeply wooded swamps where they could survive on deer and small game. Their niche must have been areas with lower densities of prey as opposed to grasslands that hosted large herds of ungulates. Following the extinction of the megafauna and dire wolves, forests replaced grasslands and red wolves increased in number and drove coyotes completely out of the south. But after European settlers wiped out the red wolves, coyotes returned.
References:
Ovodov, Nikolai, et. al.
“A 33,000 Year Old Incipient Dog from the Altai Mountains of Siberia: Evidence of the Earliest Domestication Disrupted by the Last Glacial Maximum”
Plos One 6 (7) 2011
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/databases/vp/intro.htm
The Dunwoody Nature Center
I attended my nephew’s bar mitzvah in Dunwoody, Georgia last weekend. Dunwoody consists of dozens of subdivisions and plenty of shopping centers and absolutely no rural farmland. I didn’t hold out much hope for a nice nature walk here–the traffic is terrible. But at least the developers left a lot of trees standing. I decided to walk from my sister’s house to a little park known as the Dunwoody Nature Center and I discovered a surprising gem.
This white oak was about 4 feet in diameter. White oak is a common tree in Dunwoody.
From the composition of the trees left standing most of Dunwoody must have once hosted a pretty nice dry upland forest. Too bad developers converted it into a crowded suburb. Today, white oaks, black oaks, southern red oaks, shortleaf pines, and loblolly pines are the dominant trees. The Dunwoody Nature Center slopes sharply down toward Wildcat Creek, the name of which is a relic to its former status as a wilderness. The woods here are dominated by beech, white oak, sweetgum, river birch, and loblolly pine. I was stunned to see a woodlot of mostly beech trees in central Georgia.
A mature beech tree growing on the edge of a rocky creek. It’s surrounded by many immature beech saplings.
Fossil pollen studies show beech was a common tree in the south during the end of the Ice Age when the Laurentide glacier began melting and releasing more moisture in the atmosphere creating a climate that was still cool but more rainy than it was during the height of the Ice Age. The presence of abundant beech in the fossil record is indirect evidence of massive flocks of passenger pigeons. Passenger pigeons fed on acorns–in some places completely eliminating the oak seed crop…and the beech’s competition. Although beech trees produce an edible nut, they can also spread from roots and could survive their seed being consumed by passenger pigeon flocks. Since the passenger pigeon’s demise, oak forests have been replacing beech forests in many areas. So I was delighted to see this remnant beech forest in central Georgia.
Wildcat Creek flows through a granite outcropping. Here is a miniature waterfall.
Two little league baseball fields take up about half the space of the park. The park is heavily used by dog and toddler walkers. It’s popularity shows that the planning commission in charge of developing Dunwoody should have arranged for the purchase of more land for more parks.
Tags: Altai dog, beech, beech trees, Canis dirus, canis familiaris, Canis latrans, Canis niger, coyotes, Cuon alpinus, dholes, dire wolves, domesticated dogs, Dunwoody Nature Center, gray fox, Nikolai Ovodov, passenger pigeons, Pleistocene, red wolves, University of Florida Museum of Natural History Data base, Urocyon cinneoargenteus, white oaks
GeorgiaBeforePeople 
January 12, 2012 at 3:58 pm |
I recall that I would encounter a lot more beech groves in the higher mountain country of my native Georgia than in the Piedmont. Not sure of the reasons, other than the fact that they like cooler, moister environments.
When I was at the LaBrea Tar Pits a couple years back, it’s obvious that the preponderance of fossils come from dire wolves. They have exhumed hundreds and hundreds of intact dire wolf skeletons from that place. My wife took a photo of me in front of a wall made up entirely of dire wolf skulls.
Coyotes do well in areas where wolves don’t live, even today. In the east they don’t do well in places where there are vigorous wolf populations (only a handful of course), but in the west they seem to co-exist with wolves–probably because they focus on much smaller prey animals. I’ve always wondered how coyotes will do in the east if wolves are ever allowed to return in numbers.
In the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the attempted reintroduction of Red wolves failed because the Park had already been colonized heavily by coyotes, and the wolves could not compete and were being starved out. At any rate, there’s not a lot of difference physically and genetically between the Red wolf and the coyote. The Park Service removed those wolves and instead put them in the Alligator wildlife refuge in eastern North Carolina where there are no coyotes and where the wolves are now thriving and increasing in number.
January 12, 2012 at 8:52 pm |
I’ll forever be jealous of anyone who got to see the La Brea tarpits museum. I don’t think I’ll ever go to California.
I think the problem between coyotes and red wolves is that there are so few of the latter they will interbreed, thus reducing the pure bred wolves.
They used to co-exist out west.
January 12, 2012 at 6:34 pm |
I thought I’d read that coyotes are a descendant of red wolves (just stirring the pot here) i.e. red wolves are older. It seems timber/gray would take out coyotes (not related) while reds would ‘tolerate’ them, and if I read correctly, the Great Smoky’s red experiment was kind of flawed in some dietary/niche assumptions of red wolves (I’ll look for the docs on this). We still get the odd ‘large coyote’ around here. There have been tales of wolves in the Warrior mountains (NW alabama) until the 1940’s. Since we shoot first now, I doubt anything larger than 40 lbs. will ever survive around here. Shame.
January 12, 2012 at 8:57 pm |
The best study on wolf species evolution is “The Original Status of Wolves in Eastern North America” by Ronald Nowak published in the Southeastern Naturalist in 2002. According to his excellent and exhaustive study Canis lepophagus evolved into Canis priscolatrans during the Pliocene. Canis priscolatrans gave birth to Canis armbruster which in turn evolved into Canis dirus. Canis priscolatrans is also ancestral to Canis latrans and Canis mosbachensis. Canis mosbachensis migrated to Europe where it evolved into Canis niger which recrossed the Bering landbridge. Canis mosbachensis also evolved into Canis lupus which recrossed the Bering landbridge during a separate migration. This accounts for all the known wolf species over the last 3 million years in North America, but there were probably several unknown transitional species.
January 16, 2012 at 3:26 pm |
Make no mistake, canids are a homegrown North American phenomenon. And like many things American, canids were exported across the globe and took firm root in every continent. A lot of attention has been focused recently upon the origin of domestic dogs. No one doubts they came from wolves, but where exactly did wolves come from, and who are their immediate fossil relatives? These were the questions swirling in my head when I dragged my pappasan chair onto the back deck, settled in, and read “Dogs: Their fossil relatives and evolutionary history” over the course of two afternoons. (Probably could have read it in one day if I hadn’t spent so much time taking notes.) It was written by Xiaoming Wang and Richard Tedford, and illustrated by Mauricio Anton.
January 17, 2012 at 7:22 pm |
Obrigado and gracias, mercadeo. I’ll check it out.
January 30, 2012 at 10:16 am |
The Dire Wolf is best known for its unusually high representation in the La Brea Tar Pits in California. In total, fossils from more than 3,600 individual Dire Wolves have been recovered from the tar pits, more than any other mammal species. This large number suggests that the Dire Wolf, like modern wolves and dogs, probably hunted in packs. It also gives some insight into the pressures placed on the species near the end of its existence.
February 10, 2013 at 9:20 pm |
I’ve come to a different conclusion about red wolves and coyotes since I first wrote this.
I now believe red wolves didn’t exist as a species during the Pleistocene. The animal known as the red wolf evolved from coyotes that took advantage of a niche created upon the extinction of the dire wolf.