The geological origin of a mud volcano located in Winder, Georgia is a mystery waiting to be solved. As far as I know, geologists haven’t ever studied this unexplained watery bog that last erupted circa 1800. It’s probably similar to mud volcanoes found in Africa and southeast Asia. About 10 years ago, a mud volcano in Cameroon exploded and killed a whole village by carbon dioxide asphyxiation. The carbon dioxide displaced the oxygen in the atmosphere. An atmosphere of just 10% carbon dioxide causes people to become comatose; an atmosphere of 30 % CO2 causes people to drop dead immediately.
Winder, Georgia is in Barrow County which is between Athens and Atlanta. My grandparents used to live there.
Nodoroc is a Creek Indian word meaning gateway to hell. It’s an odd natural boggy pond that used to release a constant bluish smoke while bubbling. The Creek Indians built an altar of heavy stones on the edge of the volcano where they executed criminals and then threw the corpses in the bog. It was their way of sending deserving souls to hell. They believed the volcano was protected by the wog–a devil dog with red eyes and the head of a bear. Despite the cultural importance of the site, the Creek Indians sold the pond and the land around it to the English for 14 pounds of beads. Some early colonist made off with the altar and now it’s lost to archaeologists.
I couldn’t find a photo of Nodoroc on google images that I could confirm was the actual site, but the below link is an aerial photograph. The brown muddy expanse is labeled and obvious to see. The link below that is of video of a mud volcano in Yellowstone National Park. Unlike Nodoroc, it is still active and it probably has a different kind of origin. The Yellowstone mud volcano is caused by heating and cooling subterranean rock on a fault line, while the Nodoroc mud volcano resulted from decaying organic matter.
http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=33.973821&lon=-83.6727574&z=19&l=0&m=b
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ8qfpMkDs0
The first European explorers to visit Nodoroc say that it burned and dissolved everything they threw in it. Even rainwater evaporated when striking the bog. They reported that the area attracted lots of animals, but I think the abundance of wildlife resulted from Indians avoiding the place which they only used for executions.
Circa 1800 John Gosset built a cabin nearby and cleared a field around Nodoroc. One day, Gosset and his wife witnessed the last eruption of the mud volcano. His wife noticed an unusual amount of fog over the bog that morning. She called her husband who was busy ploughing to come see it. A loud explosion was followed by a shower of hot mud particles. After the eruption the volcano settled several feet and cooled. Decaying matter likely caused a fermentation reaction, releasing carbon dioxide and methane that had been trapped under the mud.
In the days of free range livestock Nodoroc was known as a cattle mire because cows constantly were getting stuck in the quicksand-like mud. Farmers eventually erected a fence to prevent any more losses. Nodoroc was formerly about 5 acres in extent but circa 1900 John Harris drained part of it and grew several successful crops of corn. While ploughing, he often came across bones and horns. They were mostly the bones of recent cattle, but I suspect they may have been mixed in with Pleistocene fossils–a point I will discuss later.
Gary Bolton, a layman, visited the site in 1987 out of curiousity. He noted that tulip tree saplings had colonized part of the pond, but many fell over, as if the shaky marsh ground couldn’t support deep roots. Most of Nodoroc was covered with “thousands” of crayfish chimneys. He mentioned sticking a shovel in the pond and finding that the level of muck was deeper than the shovel itself.
Acidic peat bogs are rare in the piedmont region of southeastern North America. Peat bogs often contain and preserve pollen, plant macrofossils, animal fossils, and human artifacts. So far, Nodoroc has only attacted 2 paleobotanists. Dr. Stephen Jackson and Dr. Donald Whitehead investigated the site in 1981 and published their findings 10 years later. They took 2 deep piston cores of sediment that they analyzed. They did find 2 statigraphically datable segments in the core: 1 dated from 26,000 BP-22,00 BP, and the other from 3600 BP to the present. This study was done before radiocarbon dates were recalibrated. These dates roughly translate to between 30,000 calender years BP-26,000 calender years BP, and from 4,000 calender years to the present. The lack of continuous stratigraphy is explained by long periods of time when water level was low and deposition didn’t occur. The oldest segment dates to the weak interstadial immediately prior to the cold phase that led to the Last Glacial Maximum.
The site itself was probably an open marshy environment during the interstadial. Plant macrofossils and pollen indicate an abundance of sphagnum peat moss, arrowhead (Sagitteria sp.), sedges, and carnivorous pitcher plants growing directly on the site. Shrubs such as alder, myrtle, and mountain laurel and/or blueberry (Ericereae genus) grew on the marsh edge. Pines and oaks dominated the forest surrounding the site. With the exception of white pine (Pinus strobus) scientists can’t distinguish between species of pine by looking at pollen grains. After looking at the pine pollen and pine needle fossils under a microscope Drs. Jackson and Whitehead were only able to eliminate 3 species–longleaf, slash, and table mountain, none of which would have been expected to be here anyway. However, the size of the pollen grains suggests both northern and southern species of pines were present. Northern species of pine tend to have smaller pollen grains, while southern species of pine tend to have larger grains. Both large and small grains were present. My educated guess is that jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) were the dominant pinus species, while white pine was also present. Macrofossils of jack pine, a species that now no longer occurs farther south than Michigan, have been found in Missouri and north Georgia sites dating to the mid-Wisconsinian interstadial. Apparently, it was a more widespread species then than it is today. Shortleaf pine, a southern species, occurs as far north as southern Ohio, and its short needles can endure snowy and icy conditions without much damage. There’s no way of determining which species of oaks predominated here–all oak pollen looks too similar.
Other important trees growing in this interstadial forest were Critchfield’s spruce (my species assumption), fir, and hickory. Chestnut, beech, sugar maple, and birch were present but at low levels. (After the Ice Age chestnut became much more abundant in the region until its unfortunate extirpation 100 years ago.) Hazelnut was a common bush growing in the understory. During the Wisconsinian Ice Age hazelnut ranged throughout the south but is practically absent here today. Noticeably absent or rare then were sweetgum, tupelo, and red maple all of which are common today in this area.
Fir trees thrive in regions with snowy winters. As I mentioned in last week’s blog entry, the piedmont region of southeastern North America during the Ice Age was an abrupt transition zone between subtropical Gulf Coast Corridor grasslands and boreal forests of the Southern Appalachians. Humid tropical fronts often hit cold air causing lots of snowfall. Critchfield’s spruce, firs, and short-needled pines were and are well adapted to the snowy conditions that may have once blanketed the south. It would have been interesting to see this environment where warm climate fauna frequently wandered to mix with creatures from the cold north.
I’m surprised no Pleistocene fossils habe been discovered or noticed from Nodoroc. If cows often perished in the mire, I’m sure some of the Pleistocene megafauna did as well. Perhaps the Indian legend of the wog is based on skeletel material of extinct beasts they discovered. If I owned the pond I’d have it dragged for fossils and artifacts.
Artist’s rendition of the wog, a creature of Creek Indian legend that supposedly guarded Nodoroc. Was the legend based on Pleistocene-aged fossils Indians found in the bog? Cows used to get stuck in the mire and perish. Pleistocene megafauna must have also. This site should be prospected for Pleistocene vertebrate fossils which are probably mixed with modern livestock bones.
References:
Bartow County Historical Society
The History of Nodoroc and Tales of the Wog
Jackson, Stephen; and Donald Whitehead
“Pollen and Macrofossils from Wisconsinian Interstadial Sediments in Northeastern Georgia”
Quaternary Research 39 1993
Wilson, Gustavius
The early history of Jackson County, Georgia
W.E. White 1914
GeorgiaBeforePeople 